Wie in Verschlüsseln Large Daten

问题

You brauchen in verschlüsseln ein large Datei aber RSA kann nur verschlüsseln ein few hundred Bytes, und you wollen der Sicherheit von öffentlich-Schlüssel Verschlüsselung.

Voraussetzungen

• Understanding of AES and RSA
• Knowledge of hybrid encryption

Schritte

1. 1. Generate a random symmetric key

   Generate a fresh random AES key (256 bits). This key will encrypt the large data. It is called the session key or data encryption key (DEK). A new DEK should be generated for each file.

   Eingabe

   random AES-256 key

   输出

   32 random bytes

2. 2. Encrypt the data with AES

   Encrypt the large file using AES-GCM with the session key and a fresh IV. AES can handle data of any size efficiently. Store the IV and authentication tag with the ciphertext.

   Eingabe

   large file + AES key

   输出

   AES ciphertext + IV + tag

3. 3. Encrypt the session key with RSA

   Encrypt the small AES session key using the recipient's RSA public key with OAEP padding. Store the RSA-encrypted session key alongside the AES ciphertext. The recipient decrypts the session key with their private key, then decrypts the file with AES.

   Eingabe

   AES key + RSA public key

   输出

   RSA-encrypted session key

Erwartetes Ergebnis

Ein hybrid-encrypted package: large Daten encrypted mit AES, und der AES Schlüssel encrypted mit RSA, combining der strengths von both.

Häufige Fehler

Trying to encrypt the large file directly with RSA

RSA can only encrypt data up to key_size - padding bytes. Use hybrid encryption for anything larger.

Reusing the AES session key across files

Generate a fresh session key for each encryption. Reusing it with the same IV breaks security.

Troubleshooting指引

• If the RSA step fails with 'message too long', the session key exceeds the RSA limit. This should not happen with a 32-byte key and 2048+ bit RSA.
• Verify the GCM tag after AES decryption before using the data.

Sicherheitsgrenzen

• Hybrid encryption is the standard for TLS, PGP, and S/MIME. It provides public-key security with symmetric-key performance.
• All encryption is local; no keys or data are transmitted.