ECN
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) lets routers mark congestion in the IP/TCP headers instead of dropping packets, so endpoints shrink their windows and avoid loss.
Purpose
It replaces loss with marking during congestion, eliminating retransmission delay and throughput loss for a better low-latency experience.
Mechanism
The IP header carries ECN bits (ECT(0)/ECT(1)/CE). A router sets CE under congestion; the receiver signals the sender with the ECE flag in the TCP header, and the sender reduces cwnd and acknowledges with CWR on the next packet.
Use cases
- Low-latency data centers
- DCTCP congestion control
- Low-loss networks
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